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计算机基础（第2版）

作译者：肖川,吕海洋,王红艳

出版时间：2024-08 千字数：375 版次：01-01 页数：240

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121469619

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作者简介

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第1 章 计算机基础知识 ·················································································.1
1.1 计算机概述 ·······················································································.1
1.1.1 计算机的诞生 ··········································································.1
1.1.2 计算机的发展阶段 ····································································.2
1.1.3 计算机的特点 ··········································································.3
1.1.4 计算机的应用 ··········································································.4
1.1.5 计算机发展的趋势及面临的挑战 ··················································.5
1.2 计算机中数据的表示与运算 ··································································.7
1.2.1 数据与信息 ·············································································.7
1.2.2 数值数据在计算机中的表示 ························································.7
1.2.3 不同进制数之间的转换 ······························································.8
1.2.4 非数值数据在计算机中的表示 ···················································.11
1.2.5 计算机中数据的存储单位 ·························································.12
1.3 计算机系统组成 ···············································································.12
1.3.1 硬件系统组成及各部分功能 ······················································.13
1.3.2 软件系统组成 ········································································.16
1.4 计算机的基本工作原理 ······································································.17
1.4.1 指令与指令执行过程 ·······························································.17
1.4.2 指令系统 ··············································································.17
1.4.3 操作系统概述 ········································································.18
1.4.4 计算机语言及其处理程序 ·························································.21
1.5 计算机的主要技术指标 ······································································.22
习题1 ··································································································.23
第2 章 操作系统 ························································································.26
2.1 操作系统的概念 ···············································································.26
2.1.1 什么是操作系统 ·····································································.26
2.1.2 为什么需要操作系统 ·······························································.26
2.1.3 操作系统的特征 ·····································································.27
2.2 操作系统的类型 ···············································································.27
2.3 操作系统的功能 ···············································································.30
2.3.1 进程管理 ··············································································.31
2.3.2 存储管理 ··············································································.36
2.3.3 文件管理 ··············································································.37
2.3.4 设备管理 ··············································································.40
2.4 操作系统的实例 ···············································································.43
2.4.1 UNIX 操作系统 ······································································.43
2.4.2 Linux 操作系统 ······································································.44
2.4.3 Windows 操作系统 ··································································.45
2.4.4 macOS ·················································································.47
习题2 ··································································································.48
第3 章 计算机网络基础和Internet 应用 ···························································.51
3.1 计算机网络的形成与发展 ···································································.51
3.1.1 计算机网络的产生 ··································································.51
3.1.2 计算机网络的发展 ··································································.52
3.1.3 计算机网络的发展趋势 ····························································.52
3.2 计算机网络的功能和应用 ···································································.56
3.2.1 计算机网络的功能 ··································································.56
3.2.2 计算机网络的应用 ··································································.57
3.3 计算机网络的分类 ············································································.59
3.3.1 按网络传输技术分类 ·······························································.59
3.3.2 按网络覆盖范围分类 ·······························································.59
3.3.3 按网络拓扑结构分类 ·······························································.60
3.3.4 其他的网络分类方法 ·······························································.60
3.4 计算机网络的拓扑结构 ······································································.61
3.5 计算机网络的基本组成 ······································································.63
3.5.1 计算机网络的系统组成 ····························································.63
3.5.2 计算机网络的组件 ··································································.65
3.6 传输介质与网络标准化 ······································································.66
3.6.1 有线传输介质 ········································································.66
3.6.2 无线传输介质 ········································································.69
3.6.3 几种传输介质的安全性比较 ······················································.70
3.6.4 计算机网络的标准化 ·······························································.71
3.7 Internet 简介 ····················································································.72
3.7.1 Internet 的基本概念 ·································································.72
3.7.2 Internet 的发展历史 ·································································.73
3.7.3 Internet 在我国的发展 ······························································.74
3.7.4 Internet 的组织与管理 ······························································.75
3.8 Internet 地址 ····················································································.76
3.8.1 IP 地址 ·················································································.77
3.8.2 域名 ····················································································.83
3.8.3 IPv6 ····················································································.84
3.9 Internet 的应用 ·················································································.88
3.9.1 WWW 服务 ···········································································.88
3.9.2 电子邮件 ··············································································.90
3.9.3 FTP 服务 ···············································································.92
3.10 Intranet ·························································································.94
3.10.1 Intranet 的概述 ······································································.94
3.10.2 Intranet 的特点 ······································································.95
3.10.3 Intranet 的应用 ······································································.95
习题3 ··································································································.96
第4 章 数据结构与算法基础 ·········································································.98
4.1 算法和算法分析 ···············································································.98
4.1.1 算法的概念 ···········································································.98
4.1.2 算法的特征 ···········································································.98
4.1.3 算法的效率 ···········································································.99
4.2 数据结构的基本概念 ········································································.100
4.3 数据结构的分类及表示 ·····································································.102
4.4 线性结构 ·······················································································.102
4.4.1 线性表 ················································································.102
4.4.2 栈和队列 ·············································································.104
4.4.3 树与二叉树 ··········································································.106
4.4.4 图 ······················································································.108
4.4.5 查找 ···················································································.110
4.4.6 排序 ···················································································.110
习题4 ·································································································.113
第5 章 程序设计基础 ·················································································.116
5.1 程序设计方法与风格 ········································································.116
5.2 结构化程序设计 ··············································································.118
5.2.1 结构化程序设计的原则 ···························································.118
5.2.2 结构化程序的基本结构与特点 ··················································.119
5.2.3 结构化程序设计原则和方法的应用 ············································.120
5.3 面向对象的程序设计 ········································································.120
5.3.1 关于面向对象方法 ·································································.120
5.3.2 面向对象方法的基本概念 ························································.123
习题5 ·································································································.127
第6 章 软件工程基础 ·················································································.129
6.1 软件工程的基本概念 ········································································.129
6.1.1 软件定义与软件特点 ······························································.129
6.1.2 软件危机与软件工程 ······························································.130
6.1.3 软件过程与软件生命周期 ························································.132
6.1.4 软件工程的目标与原则 ···························································.134
6.1.5 软件开发工具与软件开发环境 ··················································.135
6.2 结构化分析 ····················································································.135
6.2.1 需求分析与需求分析方法 ························································.136
6.2.2 结构化分析方法 ····································································.137
6.2.3 软件需求规格说明 ·································································.141
6.3 结构化设计方法 ··············································································.143
6.3.1 软件设计的基本概念 ······························································.143
6.3.2 概要设计 ·············································································.144
6.3.3 详细设计 ·············································································.150
6.4 软件测试 ·······················································································.154
6.4.1 软件测试的目的和定义 ···························································.154
6.4.2 软件测试的准则 ····································································.155
6.4.3 软件测试方法与技术综述 ························································.155
6.4.4 软件测试的实施 ····································································.163
6.5 程序的调试 ····················································································.167
6.5.1 基本概念 ·············································································.167
6.5.2 软件调试方法 ·······································································.168
习题6 ·································································································.170
第7 章 数据库设计基础 ··············································································.172
7.1 数据库系统的基本概念 ·····································································.172
7.1.1 数据、数据库、数据库管理系统 ···············································.172
7.1.2 数据管理技术的发展 ······························································.176
7.1.3 数据库系统的基本特点 ···························································.178
7.1.4 数据库系统的内部结构体系 ·····················································.179
7.2 数据模型 ·······················································································.180
7.2.1 数据模型的基本概念 ······························································.180
7.2.2 概念模型 ·············································································.182
7.2.3 层次模型 ·············································································.184
7.2.4 网状模型 ·············································································.185
7.2.5 关系模型 ·············································································.186
7.3 关系代数 ·······················································································.189
7.4 数据库设计与管理 ···········································································.194
7.4.1 数据库的设计方法 ·································································.194
7.4.2 数据库的设计步骤 ·································································.194
7.4.3 数据库的需求分析 ·································································.195
7.4.4 数据库的概念设计 ·································································.196
7.4.5 数据库的逻辑设计 ·································································.199
7.4.6 数据库的物理设计 ·································································.201
习题7 ·································································································.202
第8 章 新一代信息技术 ··············································································.204
8.1 物联网 ··························································································.204
8.1.1 物联网的概述 ·······································································.204
8.1.2 物联网的关键技术 ·································································.205
8.1.3 物联网的应用 ·······································································.206
8.1.4 物联网安全 ··········································································.208
8.2 人工智能 ·······················································································.209
8.2.1 人工智能的概述 ····································································.209
8.2.2 人工智能的发展阶段 ······························································.209
8.2.3 人工智能的应用领域 ······························································.210
8.2.4 人工智能产品 ·······································································.212
8.2.5 人工智能的影响 ····································································.212
8.3 大数据 ··························································································.213
8.3.1 大数据的概述 ·······································································.213
8.3.2 大数据的特点 ·······································································.214
8.3.3 大数据的分析 ·······································································.215
8.3.4 大数据的应用 ·······································································.217
8.3.5 大数据的影响 ·······································································.218
8.4 云计算 ··························································································.219
8.4.1 云计算的概述 ·······································································.219
8.4.2 云计算的特点 ·······································································.220
8.4.3 云计算的交付模型 ·································································.221
8.4.4 云计算的应用 ·······································································.222
8.4.5 云计算的优势与面临的挑战 ·····················································.223
8.5 区块链 ··························································································.224
8.5.1 区块链的概述 ·······································································.224
8.5.2 区块链的特征 ·······································································.225
8.5.3 区块链的核心技术 ·································································.226
8.5.4 区块链的应用领域 ·································································.227
8.5.5 区块链面临的机遇与挑战 ························································.227
习题8 ·································································································.228
附录A ASCII 编码 ·····················································································.230

“计算机基础”是本、专科院校各专业，尤其是非计算机相关专业的学生必修的公共课程。近年来，随着计算机技术和网络信息技术的迅猛发展，“计算机基础”课程无论是教学内容、教学手段、教学定位还是考核方式，都走向了持续发展的规范化道路。
本书是根据教育部高等学校非计算机专业计算机基础课程教学指导分委员会对计算机基础教学的目标与定位、组成与分工、基本要求，以及教育部考试中心发布的《全国计算机等级考试二级公共基础知识考试大纲（2023 年版）》的要求编写的。
本书分为8 章。
第1 章主要介绍计算机的发展、特点及应用，计算机中数据的表示与运算，硬件系统组成及各部分功能，软件系统组成等。
第2 章主要介绍操作系统的基本概念和特征，操作系统的类型及各类型的特点，操作系统的功能，进程的概念、组成、特征及状态，进程控制，常用的进程调度算法，进程互斥与同步，进程通信和死锁，存储管理，文件管理，设备管理，以及常用的操作系统等。
第3 章主要介绍计算机网络的产生和发展、功能、分类，计算机网络的拓扑结构，计算机网络的硬件环境和软件环境，Internet 的发展、工作原理、主要服务，IP 地址和域名的设置，Internet 的接入方式，电子邮件的建立与发送等。
第4 章主要介绍算法的概念，数据结构的基本概念及定义，线性表及其基本运算，栈和队列及其基本运算，线性链表及其基本运算，二叉树的基本概念、存储结构及其遍历，以及常用的查找与排序算法等。
第5 章主要介绍程序设计方法与风格、结构化程序设计、面向对象的程序设计等。
第6 章主要介绍软件工程的基本概念、结构化分析方法、结构化设计方法、软件测试的基本方法、程序的调试方等。
第7 章主要介绍数据库、数据库管理系统、数据库系统的基本概念，数据模型、E-R 模型、E-R 图等的基本概念，关系代数理论中的基本运算，数据库设计的基本方法和步骤等。
第8 章主要介绍新一代信息技术，包括云计算、人工智能、区块链等。
本书立足于为社会培养应用型人才，以满足应用型本、专科院校的教学需求为编写目标。所有编者均为从事多年计算机基础教学与实验的教师，他们将在教学实践中积累的技巧和体会融入其中，力求以简洁明了、通俗易懂的语言，精练、实用的实例，直观、易于理解的图片向读者展示计算机基础的相关知识。其中，第1、2 章由烟台南山学院肖川编写；第3、4 章由烟台南山学院吕海洋编写；第5 章由烟台南山学院王红艳编写；第6、7章由烟台南山学院郑美珠、杨洪军编写；第8 章由烟台南山学院孙茜、南山集团有限公司李石师编写，全书由肖川负责统稿。
由于时间紧迫，以及编者水平有限，书中难免有错误或不妥之处，恳请读者批评指正。

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