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基于故障诊断的电机可靠性预测

作译者：刘宁等

出版时间：2023-12 千字数：447 版次：01-01 页数：344

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121474217

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内容简介

前言

上架建议

作者简介

编辑推荐

音视频专区

第1章  基本方法和工具··································································1 
1.1  一般方法·········································································1 
1.2  特征提取：信号和预处理····················································2 
1.2.1  原始信号：信号和传感器类型·······································2 
1.2.2  预处理····································································17 
1.2.3  模型方法·································································38 
1.2.4  等价空间法······························································44 
1.3  特征简化——主成分分析···················································46 
1.3.1  主成分分析：空间简化和无监督聚类······························47 
1.3.2  组间关联·································································49 
1.3.3  信息含量：香农熵·····················································50 
1.3.4  监督聚类的模式大小简化············································51 
1.3.5  无监督聚类的模式大小简化：拉普拉斯分数·····················53 
1.3.6  无监督聚类的聚类数选择············································54 
1.3.7  其他的聚类质量准则··················································56 
1.4  聚类方法········································································58 
1.4.1  概论·······································································58 
1.4.2  监督聚类·································································61 
1.4.3  无监督聚类······························································67 
1.5  预测方法········································································73 
1.5.1  预测过程·································································73 
1.5.2  时间序列外推法························································75 
1.5.3  贝叶斯网络······························································80 
1.5.4  马尔可夫链······························································82 
1.5.5  隐马尔可夫模型························································82 
1.5.6  雨流算法·································································87 
原著参考文献·········································································90 
第2章  应用与具体细节·································································99 
2.1  电机驱动概述··································································98 
2.2  电机···············································································99 
2.2.1  基本原理·······························································100 
2.2.2  磁钢和磁体····························································101 
2.2.3  绕组和绝缘····························································105 
2.3  电机型号、运行与控制····················································108 
2.3.1  三相绕组·······························································108 
2.3.2  感应电机·······························································109 
2.3.3  永磁交流电机·························································113 
2.4  电机故障······································································115 
2.4.1  操作变量及其测量···················································116 
2.4.2  监控、检测和故障分类·············································117 
2.4.3  轴承·····································································121 
2.4.4  绝缘·····································································133 
2.5  开路及短路故障、偏心、磁铁断裂和转子断条·····················143 
2.5.1  感应电机·······························································144 
2.5.2  永磁交流电机·························································158 
2.5.3  传感器故障····························································166 
2.5.4  故障缓解与管理······················································168 
2.6  电力电子器件和系统·······················································172 
2.6.1  交流电机中的电力电子器件·······································173 
2.6.2  静态开关·······························································179 
2.6.3  电容器··································································191 
2.6.4  器件故障及其表现···················································202 
2.6.5  电容器失效模式······················································207 
2.6.6  功率器件故障诊断与预测技术····································207 
2.6.7  电容器故障诊断与预测技术·······································247 
原著参考文献·······································································256 
第3章  提升可靠性的故障诊断和预测·············································274 
3.1  引言·············································································274 
3.2  基本原则······································································274 
3.2.1  不可修复项目随时间失效的模式·································278 
3.2.2  分布函数·······························································278 
3.2.3  可靠性和预测的置信度·············································280 
3.3  组件可靠性···································································281 
3.4  子系统和系统的可靠性····················································287 
3.5  寿命和可靠性预测··························································290 
3.5.1  基于Coffin-Manson的分析········································291 
3.5.2  阿伦尼乌斯方程······················································291 
3.6  故障管理和缓解·····························································292 
3.7  设计和制造···································································294 
3.8  应用和工况研究·····························································296 
3.9  定期维护、视情维护和故障预测提高可靠性························316 
3.10  结论···········································································326 
原著参考文献·······································································327
缩略词对照········································································331

前言
电气化在制造、运输、商业和家庭中的应用呈现指数级发展趋势。这得益于越来越多的人接受并使用电驱动，而电驱动在成本、尺寸、效率和性能方面都日益进步。这一进步使得驱动器的应用范围更加广泛，而相关应用又可以受益于驱动器的特性。这也更有利于减轻环境污染，还产生了具有更高灵活性的应用，如电动和混动汽车、电动飞机和船舶、新能源、工业控制、消费类电子产品、新型设备等。
本书研究的电驱动装置，从大型风力发电机和船舶推进系统，到医疗设备用微型驱动装置，跨越尺度较大。驱动器通常使用电机、动力电子设备、控制器、传感器，偶尔也使用电池来驱动。这一范围还在不断扩张，主要得益于以下诸多方面的进展。 
（1）电机：新材料、先进的制造工艺、准确快速的设计工具。 
（2）动力电子设备：具有更高能量密度、开关特性和效率的新型开关，先进的拓扑结构，持续改进的制造过程。 
（3）先进的控制方法和日益强大的计算能力：无论是在操作层面，还是在设计层面。
（4）从丰富的经验中不断积累的知识。 
机械作动器、运动系统、发电机和控制器一直依赖基于状态的维修（Condition-Based Maintenance，CBM），以确保人员、流程和设备运行中断时间最短。将机械作动器和控制器替换为机电作动器和控制器，提高了整体效率，节约了成本，并改善了性能。因此，通过利用健康监测来改善CBM水到渠成。 
通过在电驱动器中集成传感器和信号处理能力，可以对早期故障进行识别和诊断，并在一定程度上实现故障预测。为此，必须对操作变量进行监测、评估并采取行动。为了实现这些目标，需要在一个或多个CPU中嵌入监督系统。实现该系统可能需要在一些组件和系统上安装额外的传感器以过滤和处理其输出，需要许多的内部或外部冗余组件、子系统或系统，自身应有算法的集中式或分布式控制器以识别故障及其严重性，并预测其发展，然后自动实现功能。对于早期的诊断和预测系统来说，能否提高其可靠性仍是悬而未决的问题和挑战。该问题及一些怀疑论，在很大程度上源于驱动系统日益增加的复杂性，无论是从其组件数量还是应用算法来说，在较小程度上来自对新技术的不信任。驱动器变得十分复杂，使得故障模式的数量增加，操作员的直接管理能力下降。
解决上述问题的方法是开发可靠性较高且价格合理的驱动系统。这意味着，在最佳情况下，不仅能够实现可预测的长期不间断预定操作，而且能够识别当前或未来可能出现的任何性能偏差，并尽可能地采取较少的措施进行管理。这样的驱动系统能够检测和识别可能导致故障的早期缺陷，并诊断故障的严重程度，还能够准确估计故障可能发生的时间，以便采取相关行动。这类行动包括继续按设计正常运行、修改控制方式、采用冗余系统或者变更原本要求的结果或任务。为了完成与故障诊断、预测及可靠性能力增强相关的任务，除了前述硬件，还需要两个组成部分： 
? 驱动器及其组件的模型，主要基于解析方法、物理模型，以及从类似组件和驱动器的广泛测试中收集的数据，甚至是驱动器运行期间收集的数据。 
? 大量不同的工作采用的算法，包括信号处理、统计和贝叶斯方法，以及人工智能工具。 
系统可靠性是一种特征，通常这一特征在设计阶段就已定型，一般通过组件的可靠性、组件之间相互作用的方法，以及在可能的情况下具有相同组件的类似系统的过去经验来实现。一旦确定可靠性，系统就会启动运行，按照经典的做法，除进行维护外基本不再进行任何修改。驱动器正好相反，它在设计阶段就可以集成具有冗余与决策机制的诊断和预测模块，这有望提高系统可靠性。 
多年来，故障诊断和预测的广泛应用，以及以此来增强可靠性，一直是难以实现的目标。尽管有广泛的研究成果，但其应用仅限于小众市场。直到最近，相关研究工作才得以转化，并更加广泛地应用于工业中。在此之前，已有众多科学论文和书籍详细讨论了与此相关的主题，并更广泛地讨论了电机系统。作者希望，本书能够为学生、应用工程师、科学家和研究人员带来贡献和帮助，以深入应用日益增多和成熟的研究成果，从而为安全和环境改善带来效益。 
围绕研究重点和具体研究内容，本书整合了相关的研究成果，包括对基本方法和工具的讨论、应用，具体包括动力电子设备、电容器、电池、传感器、电机，最后介绍故障诊断和预测一体化以增强电驱动的可靠性。
第1章涉及故障诊断和预测的组成部分，介绍了不同的传感器、获得的信号及其条件，以及对这些信号进行信息提取所采用的不同方法。因此，可用时域、频域或时频表示来构建相关信息，可用聚类器、神经网络或雨流算法等从这些信息中估计系统当前或未来的状态。 
第2章涉及驱动电源、电动舵机等电驱动的不同组成部分：静态开关、电容器、异步电机和同步电机。首先介绍了各种电驱动的物理学知识和不同的故障现象，然后详细介绍了它们在故障诊断和预测领域的一些具体应用。 
第3章涉及前面提到的故障诊断和预测方法的应用，以提高电驱动的可靠性。本章采用可靠性的经典定义及其在设计阶段采用的估计方法，介绍了故障预测和决策系统增强可靠性的方法；还根据故障管理和预测成本及任务情况的必要修改，提出了更多的可靠性措施。

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